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Review Article

Awareness, recognition, and utilization of food and nutrition labeling for non-communicable disease prevention and management in the Korean population: a systematic review

Young-Min Lee1orcid, Yoona Kim2orcid
Clinical Nutrition Research 2026;15(4):288-299.
Published online: October 31, 2026

1Department of Practical Science Education, Gyeongin National University of Education, Incheon, Korea

2Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea

Correspondence to: Yoona Kim Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea Email: yoona.kim@gnu.ac.kr
• Received: May 23, 2026   • Revised: August 4, 2026   • Accepted: October 6, 2026

© 2026 The Korean Society of Clinical Nutrition

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Objective
    The incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is rapidly growing. Awareness, comprehension, and use of food and nutrition labeling are vital for the prevention and management of NCDs. The objective of this review was to examine the association between NCDs and awareness and utilization of food and nutrition labeling in the Korean population, and to suggest future research directions to prevent and manage NCDs.
  • Methods
    A literature search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE and RISS databases from January 2016 to February 2026. Studies investigating the association between NCDs and awareness and/or use of food and nutrition labeling were included. Only studies conducted in Korea were included.
  • Results
    A total of 27 cross-sectional studies were reviewed. Use of nutrition labeling was associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome. Older adults actively utilizing nutrition labeling had a lower risk of chronic kidney disease. Cancer survivors with high nutritional awareness tended to have higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and healthier nutrient intake. Hypertensive individuals who purchase food based on nutrition labeling are likely to choose foods lower in fat and salt. Nutrition education did not significantly affect the behavioral change of choosing healthy food in practice.
  • Conclusion
    Nutrition education can prevent NCDs when combined with behavioral changes that enable individuals to make healthful food choices beyond recognizing nutrition labeling. An effective, structured, evidence-based food policy establishment should include the use of nutrition labeling and ensuring high visibility of the labels, such as front-of-package labeling.
  • Keywords: Food labeling; Awareness; Non-communicable diseases; Nutrition policy
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), kidney disease, respiratory disease, musculoskeletal disease, liver disease, neurological disease, mental disease, and cancer, which account for approximately 74% of global mortality [1-3]. About 18 million individuals aged under 70 years die every year due to NCDs [4]. The incidence of NCDs can be attributed to non-modifiable risk factors, including age, genetics, gender, ethnicity, and environmental exposure. Modifiable risk factors influencing the incidence of NCDs include smoking, alcohol consumption, unhealthy dietary habits, and lack of physical activity [5].
Awareness of food labeling means that, overall, consumers notice the information printed on food packages, such as food ingredients, expiry dates, and nutrition facts [6,7]. Recognition of food labeling includes the consumer's ability to accurately understand and identify the information, visual logos, and symbols shown on food packages [6,7]. Utilization of food labeling means that consumers read and understand information on food labeling, including food ingredients, expiry dates, and nutrition facts, which leads to active decision-making. Consequently, consumers use nutrition facts to effectively manage their diets in line with their specific health goals [6,7]. Awareness and utilization of food and nutrition labeling on food packages can contribute to healthier food purchases by reducing nutrients such as sodium, sugars, and fat, which can help manage healthy body conditions and, consequently, prevent NCDs [8,9]. The utilization of nutrition labeling is associated with nutrient intake [10].
The Korean food nutrition labeling system was first introduced in 1994. Initially, it was limited to special-purpose foods, health supplements, and nutritionally emphasized products. At that time, five nutrition facts were marked: calories, carbohydrates, protein, fats, and sodium. Since then, the target items and essential labeling nutrients have been gradually expanded according to consumer demand and environmental changes, adding sugars, saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol to display nine nutrition facts. From 2026 to 2028, all processed foods will be required to display nutrition labeling [11,12].
Given this background, this review aimed to identify the association between NCDs and awareness and utilization of food and nutrition labeling in the Korean population over the past decade, using a systematic literature review, and to suggest future research and food policy directions for NCD prevention and management.
Search strategy
The literature search was conducted using the PubMed/MEDLINE (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and RISS (https://www.riss.kr/) databases from January 2016 to February 2026. The search was performed using the following terms: (“nutrition label*” OR “food label*”) AND (“non-communicable diseases” OR NCDs) to identify relevant articles. Only studies conducted in Korea and published in English or Korean were included. Additional articles were identified via a manual search of the reference lists of relevant original articles, reviews, and meta-analyses. The titles and abstracts were screened by two authors (YML and YK) using Rayyan QCRI online software (https://www.rayyan.ai). Studies considered potentially relevant underwent an independent full-text review by both authors.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Studies were selected according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) studies conducted among Korean populations; (2) studies that examined the association between NCDs and the awareness and/or utilization of food and nutrition labeling; and (3) original research articles examining a research question.
Studies were excluded if they met any of the following criteria: (1) studies that examined the association between specific food product nutrition labeling and diseases, rather than general awareness or utilization of food and nutrition labeling; (2) review articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, editorials, commentaries, or conference abstracts; (3) studies not conducted among Korean populations; and (4) studies that did not address the relationship between NCDs and awareness or utilization of food and nutrition labeling.
To identify studies examining the association between NCDs and awareness and utilization of food and nutrition labeling, 320 records were identified through database searches (PubMed, n=37; RISS, n=281) and manual searches (n=2). After title and abstract screening, 285 records were excluded. A total of 35 reports were assessed for full-text eligibility; eight were excluded because they were not relevant to the research question. Ultimately, 27 studies were included in the final review (Fig. 1).
The total number of subjects included in this review is 991,010 subjects aged over 10 years. The study type was a cross-sectional study in 27 studies. Twenty-three studies analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Four studies analyzed data from the Korea Community Health Survey (KCHS).
Research trends on awareness and utilization of food labeling and nutrition information labeling for the prevention of NCDs are presented in Table 1 (obesity and metabolic syndrome) [13-20], Table 2 (hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes) [21-34], and Table 3 (cancer and other NCDs) [35-39].
Obesity
Four studies [13-16] examined the association between nutrition labeling and obesity. Choi and Kim [15] found that 3.6% of 1,443 postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity recognized nutrition labeling. These findings highlight the need for nutrition intervention programs to improve nutrition labeling recognition among abdominally obese menopausal women.
Metabolic syndrome
Four studies [17-20] examined the association between nutrition labeling and metabolic syndrome. A higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome was observed among subjects who bought food products without considering nutrition labeling, and among subjects who were unaware of nutrition, compared with subjects who bought food products recognizing nutrition labeling [17,18,20]. A lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome was observed in men who purchased food after checking nutrition labeling [19].
Hypertension
Seven studies [13,21-26] examined the association between nutrition labeling and hypertension. Jin et al. [21] assessed the use of nutrition labeling among 74,283 individuals with hypertension or diabetes, using data from the 2018 KCHS. The utilization rate of nutrition labeling was 5.8% for men and 9.9% for women. The possibility of using nutrition labeling was high among female subjects, subjects with high income and education levels, non-smokers, non-hazardous drinkers, regular walkers, and subjects with disease management education.
Dyslipidemia
Three studies [26-28] examined the association between nutrition labeling and dyslipidemia. Kim et al. [27] observed that subjects who had not yet been diagnosed with dyslipidemia had lower total cholesterol, lower low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) when they were highly aware of nutrition labeling.
Diabetes
Eleven studies [13,21,23,25,26,29-34] investigated the recognition and use of nutrition labeling among subjects with diabetes. Lee et al. [29] found that only 9.6% of subjects with diabetes were affected by nutrition labeling when purchasing food, even though 48.8% understood nutrition labeling in 1,587 subjects with diabetes from the 7th KNHANES. Joo et al. [32] examined the association between recognition of nutrition labeling and loss of renal function in diabetic males (n=274) and females (n=213). They found that male diabetic subjects who were socially isolated tended to have decreased renal function when they did not recognize nutrition labeling. Kim and Lee [33] investigated differences in health care indicators by diabetes duration among subjects aged 40–79 years with diabetes, based on the 2018 KCHS. They found no association between diabetes duration and the use of nutrition labeling.
Cancer
Two studies [35,36] examined the association between nutrition labeling and cancer. Yoo et al. [35] examined the use of nutrition labeling among cancer survivors using the KNHANES data (2010–2016). The rate of making food purchase decisions based on nutrition labeling was lower in cancer survivors than in the general population. Higher HDL-C levels were associated with awareness of nutrition labeling in cancer survivors than in the general population. According to a cross-sectional study conducted by Choi et al. [36] of the 552 subjects with a history of cancer diagnosis in the KNHANES (2019–2021), only 37.1% used nutrition labeling. Users of nutrition labeling who were diagnosed with cancer within the past 5 years had significantly higher nutrient density values for fat, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietary fiber. Meanwhile, the nutrient density of carbohydrates was significantly higher in users with nutrition labeling who were diagnosed with cancer for more than 5 years [36].
Other NCDs
Park et al. [37] found an association between the use of nutrition labeling and the risk of stroke in men and older adults, based on data from the KNHANES (2015–2019). Individuals aged 40–49 and 70–79 years who made a food choice based on nutrition labeling had 0.16 times and 0.27 times lower risk of stroke, respectively, compared with those who did not recognize nutrition labeling. Kwon and Kim [38] found an association between higher awareness of nutrition labeling and a lower risk of atopic dermatitis in women, but not in men, based on data from the KNHANES (2013–2015), suggesting that nutrition labeling education should be tailored by gender. Moreover, Kim et al. [39] found an association between higher awareness and use of nutrition labeling was associated with a reduced risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD), based on data from the KNHANES (2008–2019). This association was more pronounced among older adults.
The aim of this review was to clarify whether NCDs were associated with awareness and utilization of food and nutrition labeling in Koreans. An association between lower NCD risk and greater awareness and use of nutrition labeling was observed.
In this review, users of nutrition labeling were found to have a low incidence of metabolic syndrome. Individuals who did not use nutrition labeling had a higher risk of metabolic syndrome. In line with our findings, a cross-sectional study conducted in Thailand showed that individuals who did not read, understand, or use nutrition labeling tended to have higher blood pressure, blood lipid levels, and obesity than those who did [40].
In this review, menopausal women with abdominal obesity had less than 5% nutrition labeling recognition. According to a cross-sectional study of 3,154 U.S. individuals with chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, individuals with diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease were not significantly affected by nutrition labeling when purchasing food. Only individuals with obesity checked calorie information on nutrition labeling, but calorie information did not alter their choice of low-calorie foods [41]. Furthermore, a cross-sectional study of 5,013 individuals analyzing data from the 2016 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey showed that individuals with obesity, diabetes, and three chronic illnesses (obesity, diabetes, and hypertension) tended to use nutrition labeling less than individuals without these illnesses [42].
We found that individuals with hypertension were likely to consume more fat and salt if they did not use nutrition labeling and did not exercise. Consistently, the 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 Flexible Consumer Behavior Survey showed decreased sodium intake among frequent nutrition label users in U.S. data [43]. In this review, the elderly who actively use nutrition labeling had a lower risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). A systematic review of cohort studies showed that a high-sodium diet (sodium >4.6 g/day) was associated with lower renal function in subjects with CKD [44].
We observed that only 50% of individuals with diabetes used nutrition labeling. In particular, individuals with diabetes aged over 65 years had a very low rate of purchasing food after checking nutrition labeling. A study showed an inverse association between age and recognition of nutrition labeling. In particular, individuals aged 60 years and older had a lower level of understanding of nutrition labeling than those aged 18–39 years [45].
This review found that cancer survivors with high nutritional awareness tended to have higher HDL-C levels and healthier nutrient intake. According to a meta-analysis of 60 interventions, food labeling can influence consumers’ diet behaviors, leading to lower intakes of total energy and total fat and higher intakes of vegetables [46]. Moreover, a multinational cohort study indicated that the intake of ultra-processed foods (mass-produced packaged breakfast cereals, biscuits, reconstituted meat products, instant noodles, soft and/or sweetened carbonated drinks) could increase the risk of cancer-multimorbidity (e.g., diabetes and CVD) [47].
We found that nutrition education was not actually associated with the use of nutrition labeling, so the effect of education was not reflected among individuals with diabetes and/or hypertension. Nutrition education for individuals with diabetes and/or hypertension was not substantially associated with the use of nutrition labeling, suggesting that nutrition education was ineffective for them. This finding implies that effective, practical nutrition education programs should be implemented to improve the utilization of nutrition labeling, thereby leading to healthier food-selection behaviors. These programs should be tailored to individuals with/without NCDs for the prevention and management of NCDs. Moreover, our findings suggest that developing robust food policies by gathering consumer perceptions and opinions is necessary.
Front-of-package (FOP) nutrition labeling is a simplified logo, symbol, or text for consumers to read nutrition information on the front of food packages, with the aims of assisting them in choosing more healthful food by comparing the nutritional quality of products, and of encouraging food reformulation in the food industry [48]. FOP nutrition labeling is being introduced through government schemes, using different terminology, in several countries, including Europe, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and South America, to promote healthier diets and reduce the risk of NCDs attributable to food [49,50]. The types of FOP nutrition labeling are health logos, traffic lights, Nutri-score, Health Star Ratings, nutrient warnings, and health warnings [50]. In Korea, the traffic light FOP nutrition labeling is adopted, displaying total sugar, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium content only for certain children’s foods (snacks, drinks, bread, etc.) per serving of stated size in red (high), yellow (normal), and green (low) on the front of the package. This is a voluntary/recommended nutrition labeling system.
Studies have shown the association between the use of FOP nutrition labeling and healthful food purchase behaviors [51,52]. In a network meta-analysis by Song et al. [52] evaluating how different types of FOPs affect consumers' food choices, traffic lights, nutrient warnings, and health warnings were associated with healthful food purchase behaviors. The traffic lights, Nutri-score, and nutrient warnings were associated with the purchase of food low in energy, sodium, fat, and total saturated fat.
In Korea, the existing complex nutrition facts label needs to be supplemented and improved to help consumers intuitively choose foods. In this respect, it would be worthwhile to consider the gradual introduction of FOP nutrition labeling types, such as Europe's Nutri-score and Australia's Health Star Rating, into future Korean nutrition labeling policies.
This review has several strengths. This review comprehensively included studies investigating the influence of food/nutrition labeling awareness and utilization on NCDs in the Korean population and systematically reviewed their associations. The findings from this review highlight the importance of practical nutrition education that considers consumers’ health conditions and sociodemographic characteristics, such as age, gender, ethnicity, education level, income, occupation, marital status, and geographic location, for the prevention and management of NCDs targeted to Koreans. The KNHANES data used in the included studies accurately reflect the health status of Koreans, with meaningful implications. The limitations of this review should be acknowledged. The limitation of this review stems from the studies included. Since all included studies were cross-sectional, the observed associations do not establish causality and may be influenced by residual confounding. Moreover, a self-reported questionnaire used in the included studies can cause recall bias in research subjects.
The use of nutrition labeling was associated with a lower risk of NCDs. Prospective cohort studies and intervention trials are required to determine whether improved nutrition-label utilization leads to sustained changes in dietary behaviors and clinically meaningful reductions in NCD risk. However, nutrition education did not effectively change food-purchase behaviors toward healthful choices. Nutrition education should be delivered in a way that enables consumers to purchase long-term healthful foods. The establishment of an effective, practical, systematic, and intervention-based food policy should include consumer-friendly, interpretable, and easily understood nutrition labeling (e.g., FOPs) that can be applied across all ages to support health-focused food choices.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: YK, YML. Data curation: YK, YML. Formal analysis: YK, YML. Investigation: YK, YML. Methodology: YK, YML. Supervision: YK, YML. Validation: YK, YML. Visualization: YK, YML. Writing - original draft: YK, YML. Writing - review & editing: YK, YML. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflict of Interest

Yoona Kim is an editorial board member of this journal, but was not involved in the peer reviewer selection, evaluation, or decision process of this article. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Funding

This work was supported by the Gyeongsang National University Fund for Professors on Sabbatical Leave, 2025.

Data availability

Not applicable.

Fig. 1.
Flow diagram of the literature review.
cnr-2026-0017f1.jpg
Table 1.
Awareness and utilization of food labeling and nutrition information labeling for the prevention of NCDs (obesity and metabolic syndrome)
Table 1.
Author (year) Database Data name Study type No. of subjects Sex of subjects Age of subjects (yr) NCDs Outcomes Implication
Lee and Lee (2016) [16] RISS KNHANES 2014 CS 6,266 M (43%) ≥10 Obesity Associations between food labeling use and women, age, income, education level, weight control and subjective obesity were observed. Nutrition education, including food selection and body image correction, should be provided to obese people who do not use food labeling.
F (57%)
Choi and Kim (2020) [15] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2016 CS 1,443 Postmenopausal women ≥40 Obesity Lower recognition of nutrition labeling (3.6%) was observed in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity. Nutrition intervention programs are required to increase nutrition labeling recognition rates in abdominally obese menopausal women.
Lee and Shin (2021) [13] PubMed/ MEDLINE KCHS 2015–2017 CS 642,677 M (42.2%) ≥19 Obesity, hypertension, and diabetes An association of low nutrition labeling use with risk of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes was observed in subjects living alone in rural areas. Various regional nutrition policies are implemented to reduce regional health gaps among single-person households.
F (57.8%) An association between not recognizing nutrition labeling and diabetes risk was observed among rural and metropolitan residents.
Chae and Park (2022) [14] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2013–2018 CS 4,603 M (45.6%) 19–29 Obesity Nutrition labeling was used less in both men and women who subjectively recognized their bodies as obese. Nutrition education interventions are needed to promote the use of nutrition labeling based on nutritional knowledge.
F (54.4%)
Kim et al. (2017) [19] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2007–2009 CS 3,869 M (100%) ≥20 MS A lower risk of MS was observed in male users of nutrition labeling. Awareness and utilization of nutrition labeling are required for MS management.
F (0%)
Jin et al. (2019) [18] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2007–2015 CS 41,667 M (46.5%) ≥20 MS Increased MS risk was observed among subjects without nutrition labeling use compared with those with it. Nutrition labeling education is required for MS management.
F (53.5%)
Cho et al. (2021) [17] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2016–2018 CS 14,490 M (42.1%) ≥20 MS An increased risk of MS was observed in subjects with unawareness of nutrition labeling compared with subjects using nutrition labels. Nutrition labeling utilization should be promoted for MS management.
F (57.9%)
Kwak et al. (2022) [20] RISS KNHANES 2019 CS 4,981 M (50.8%) 19–65 MS An association between high use of nutrition labeling and lower prevalence of MS was observed. A nutrition program is required to increase the use rate of nutrition labeling for MS prevention and management.
F (49.2%)

NCDs, non-communicable diseases; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CS, cross-sectional; M, male; F, female; KCHS, Korea Community Health Survey; MS, metabolic syndrome.

Table 2.
Awareness and utilization of food labeling and nutrition information labeling for the prevention of NCDs (hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes)
Table 2.
Author (year) Database Data name Study type No. of subjects Sex of subjects Age of subjects (yr) NCDs Outcomes Implication
Han et al. (2018) [26] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2010–2015 CS 26,914 M (40.9%) ≥20 Chronic disease (hypertension, or dyslipidemia, or diabetes) An association between active use of nutrition labeling and high self-management was observed among subjects with chronic disease. Food and nutrition policy, including enhanced nutrition labeling, is necessary to support informed food purchasing decisions.
F (59.1%)
Won and Han (2019) [24] RISS KNHANES 2013–2015 CS 6,185 M (43%) 18–65 Hypertension The hypertensive group who did not exercise and did not use nutrition labeling consumed more fat and sodium. It is necessary to expand customized education tailored to the lifestyles of subjects with hypertension.
F (57%)
An et al. (2020) [23] RISS KNHANES 2016–2018 CS 4,862 M (30.2%) ≥19 Hypertension and diabetes The effect of nutrition education on nutrition labeling was not significant. Systematic and specific nutrition education should be conducted according to the target and necessity.
F (69.8%) Subjects with hypertension did not carefully check nutrition labeling.
Han (2022) [25] RISS KCHS 2019 CS 925 M (70.9%) 40–79 Hypertension and diabetes 55.1% of diabetic subjects did not receive diabetes management. A nutrition program is required for young individuals with diabetes and hypertension.
F (29.1%) 62.7% of diabetic subjects could read nutrition labeling.
Jin et al. (2023) [21] RISS KCHS 2018 CS 74,283 M (45%) ≥19 Hypertension or diabetes Higher utilization of nutrition labeling was observed among subjects with experience in walking exercise and in disease management education. Nutrition labeling education is required as a dietary management tool to select healthy food.
F (55%)
Park (2025) [22] RISS KNHANES 2023 CS 5,293 M (43.2%) ≥30 Hypertension Associations were observed between nutrition labeling awareness and breakfast frequency, walking days, and muscle strength days. Nutrition labeling utilization can contribute to NCD prevention.
F (56.8%) An inverse association between awareness of nutrition labeling and hypertension incidence was observed.
Kim et al. (2016) [27] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2010–2014 CS 17,687 M (41.6%) ≥30 Dyslipidemia Low TC, low TG, high HDL-C, and low LDL-C were observed among subjects with high nutrition labeling awareness. Food and nutrition policy for high nutrition labeling awareness is required for dyslipidemia management.
F (58.4%) Lower dyslipidemia diagnosis was observed in subjects with a higher awareness of nutrition labeling compared with those who did not.
Kye et al. (2020) [28] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2013–2018 CS 16,619 M (49.5%) ≥19 Dyslipidemia High HDL-C and low TG levels were observed in subjects who correctly recognized their body image when they actively used nutrition labeling. Tailored intervention strategies considering individual body-size perception are required.
F (50.5%)
Han et al. (2018) [34] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2015 CS 2,931 M (43.7%) ≥30 IR Lower HOMA-IR scores were associated with the use of nutrition labeling. High levels of nutrition labeling awareness and utilization are required for T2DM management.
F (56.3%)
Joo et al. (2020) [32] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2016–2017 CS 487 M (56.3%) ≥30 Diabetes An association between renal function loss and food labeling unawareness was observed only in men with diabetes was observed. Nutrition education interventions are required to increase food labeling awareness in men with diabetes.
F (43.7%) An association between renal function loss and food labeling unawareness in socially isolated men with diabetes.
Kim and Lee (2020) [33] RISS KCHS 2018 CS 20,113 M (50.3%) 40–79 Diabetes The duration of diabetes did not affect the utilization of nutrition labeling. Education is required for diabetes management.
F (49.7%)
Lee et al. (2023) [29] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2016–2018 CS 1,587 M (47.7%) ≥30 Diabetes Subjects with diabetes had less than 50% utilization of nutrition labeling. People with diabetes need a strategy to manage a healthy diet by using nutrition labeling.
F (52.3%) A low proportion of nutrition labeling awareness, use, and effect on food selection was observed in subjects with diabetes aged over 65 years.
Jeong and Shon (2024) [31] RISS KNHANES 2019–2021 CS 1,422 M (48.9%) ≥30 Diabetes Proper food selection and dietary habits, as indicated by nutrition labeling, were associated with better blood glucose control in diabetic patients. Food policy is needed to increase the use of nutrition labeling among people with diabetes.
F (51.1%)
Lee et al. (2025) [30] RISS KNHANES 2019–2021 CS 2,284 M (48.9%) ≥19 Diabetes The prevalence of chronic kidney disease was lower among those who used nutrition labeling than among those who did not. Health education is required for diabetics to manage their diet using nutrition labeling.
F (51.1%)

NCDs, non-communicable diseases; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CS, cross-sectional; M, male; F, female; KCHS, Korea Community Health Survey; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; IR, insulin resistance; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 3.
Awareness and utilization of food labeling and nutrition information labeling for the prevention of NCDs (cancer, stroke, atopic dermatitis, and CKD)
Table 3.
Author (year) Database Data name Study type No. of subjects Sex of subjects Age of subjects (yr) NCDs Outcomes Implication
Yoo et al. (2019) [35] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2010–2016 CS 25,156 M (56.3%) ≥30 Cancer Increased HDL-C levels were observed among cancer survivors with nutrition labeling awareness compared with those without. Nutrition labeling promotion programs are required for cancer survivors.
F (43.7%)
Choi et al. (2023) [36] RISS KNHANES 2019–2021 CS 552 M (37%) ≥20 Cancer The more women, city dwellers, high-income people, and highly educated people there were, the more nutrition labeling was used. Education on nutrition labeling is required for people who experience cancer, and appropriate interventions are needed to ensure that the use of nutrition labeling continues for a long time, even after a cancer diagnosis.
F (63%) Subjects who checked nutrition labeling showed higher intakes of fat and dietary fiber and lower intakes of carbohydrates. This trend was significantly observed in cases of less than 5 years of cancer diagnosis, but not in cases of more than 5 years of cancer diagnosis.
Park et al. (2022) [37] RISS KNHANES 2015–2019 CS 18,129 M (41.4%) ≥40 Stroke Young, female, high-income, highly educated, and regular exercise subjects were more likely to be affected by nutrition labeling. This study suggests the association between nutrition labeling and stroke prevalence in men and older adults.
F (58.6%) The prevalence of stroke was higher in older, male, low-income, and low-educated subjects.
The prevalence of stroke was 0.388 times lower in men who recognized nutrition labeling than in men who did not recognize nutrition labeling.
The prevalence of stroke was 0.27 times lower among subjects aged 70 years or older who recognized nutrition labeling.
Kwon and Kim (2020) [38] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2013–2015 CS 13,505 M (40.6%) ≥19 Atopic dermatitis An association between awareness of nutrition labeling and the prevalence of atopic dermatitis was observed among women. Nutrition education, including nutrition labeling and diet, is required for women with atopic dermatitis.
F (59.4%)
Kim et al. (2022) [39] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2008–2019 CS 32,080 M (71.1%) ≥20 CKD An association between awareness and use of nutrition labeling and decreased risk of CKD was observed. A strategy for people with CKD is required to manage a healthy diet by utilizing nutrition labeling.
F (28.9%) There is a strong inverse association between the use of nutrition labeling and the risk of CKD in the older subjects.

NCDs, non-communicable diseases; CKD, chronic kidney disease; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CS, cross-sectional; M, male; F, female; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

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Awareness, recognition, and utilization of food and nutrition labeling for non-communicable disease prevention and management in the Korean population: a systematic review
Clin Nutr Res. 2026;15(4):288-299.   Published online October 31, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2026.0017
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Awareness, recognition, and utilization of food and nutrition labeling for non-communicable disease prevention and management in the Korean population: a systematic review
Clin Nutr Res. 2026;15(4):288-299.   Published online October 31, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2026.0017
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Awareness, recognition, and utilization of food and nutrition labeling for non-communicable disease prevention and management in the Korean population: a systematic review
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Fig. 1. Flow diagram of the literature review.

Fig. 1.

Awareness, recognition, and utilization of food and nutrition labeling for non-communicable disease prevention and management in the Korean population: a systematic review
Author (year) Database Data name Study type No. of subjects Sex of subjects Age of subjects (yr) NCDs Outcomes Implication
Lee and Lee (2016) [16] RISS KNHANES 2014 CS 6,266 M (43%) ≥10 Obesity Associations between food labeling use and women, age, income, education level, weight control and subjective obesity were observed. Nutrition education, including food selection and body image correction, should be provided to obese people who do not use food labeling.
F (57%)
Choi and Kim (2020) [15] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2016 CS 1,443 Postmenopausal women ≥40 Obesity Lower recognition of nutrition labeling (3.6%) was observed in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity. Nutrition intervention programs are required to increase nutrition labeling recognition rates in abdominally obese menopausal women.
Lee and Shin (2021) [13] PubMed/ MEDLINE KCHS 2015–2017 CS 642,677 M (42.2%) ≥19 Obesity, hypertension, and diabetes An association of low nutrition labeling use with risk of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes was observed in subjects living alone in rural areas. Various regional nutrition policies are implemented to reduce regional health gaps among single-person households.
F (57.8%) An association between not recognizing nutrition labeling and diabetes risk was observed among rural and metropolitan residents.
Chae and Park (2022) [14] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2013–2018 CS 4,603 M (45.6%) 19–29 Obesity Nutrition labeling was used less in both men and women who subjectively recognized their bodies as obese. Nutrition education interventions are needed to promote the use of nutrition labeling based on nutritional knowledge.
F (54.4%)
Kim et al. (2017) [19] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2007–2009 CS 3,869 M (100%) ≥20 MS A lower risk of MS was observed in male users of nutrition labeling. Awareness and utilization of nutrition labeling are required for MS management.
F (0%)
Jin et al. (2019) [18] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2007–2015 CS 41,667 M (46.5%) ≥20 MS Increased MS risk was observed among subjects without nutrition labeling use compared with those with it. Nutrition labeling education is required for MS management.
F (53.5%)
Cho et al. (2021) [17] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2016–2018 CS 14,490 M (42.1%) ≥20 MS An increased risk of MS was observed in subjects with unawareness of nutrition labeling compared with subjects using nutrition labels. Nutrition labeling utilization should be promoted for MS management.
F (57.9%)
Kwak et al. (2022) [20] RISS KNHANES 2019 CS 4,981 M (50.8%) 19–65 MS An association between high use of nutrition labeling and lower prevalence of MS was observed. A nutrition program is required to increase the use rate of nutrition labeling for MS prevention and management.
F (49.2%)
Author (year) Database Data name Study type No. of subjects Sex of subjects Age of subjects (yr) NCDs Outcomes Implication
Han et al. (2018) [26] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2010–2015 CS 26,914 M (40.9%) ≥20 Chronic disease (hypertension, or dyslipidemia, or diabetes) An association between active use of nutrition labeling and high self-management was observed among subjects with chronic disease. Food and nutrition policy, including enhanced nutrition labeling, is necessary to support informed food purchasing decisions.
F (59.1%)
Won and Han (2019) [24] RISS KNHANES 2013–2015 CS 6,185 M (43%) 18–65 Hypertension The hypertensive group who did not exercise and did not use nutrition labeling consumed more fat and sodium. It is necessary to expand customized education tailored to the lifestyles of subjects with hypertension.
F (57%)
An et al. (2020) [23] RISS KNHANES 2016–2018 CS 4,862 M (30.2%) ≥19 Hypertension and diabetes The effect of nutrition education on nutrition labeling was not significant. Systematic and specific nutrition education should be conducted according to the target and necessity.
F (69.8%) Subjects with hypertension did not carefully check nutrition labeling.
Han (2022) [25] RISS KCHS 2019 CS 925 M (70.9%) 40–79 Hypertension and diabetes 55.1% of diabetic subjects did not receive diabetes management. A nutrition program is required for young individuals with diabetes and hypertension.
F (29.1%) 62.7% of diabetic subjects could read nutrition labeling.
Jin et al. (2023) [21] RISS KCHS 2018 CS 74,283 M (45%) ≥19 Hypertension or diabetes Higher utilization of nutrition labeling was observed among subjects with experience in walking exercise and in disease management education. Nutrition labeling education is required as a dietary management tool to select healthy food.
F (55%)
Park (2025) [22] RISS KNHANES 2023 CS 5,293 M (43.2%) ≥30 Hypertension Associations were observed between nutrition labeling awareness and breakfast frequency, walking days, and muscle strength days. Nutrition labeling utilization can contribute to NCD prevention.
F (56.8%) An inverse association between awareness of nutrition labeling and hypertension incidence was observed.
Kim et al. (2016) [27] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2010–2014 CS 17,687 M (41.6%) ≥30 Dyslipidemia Low TC, low TG, high HDL-C, and low LDL-C were observed among subjects with high nutrition labeling awareness. Food and nutrition policy for high nutrition labeling awareness is required for dyslipidemia management.
F (58.4%) Lower dyslipidemia diagnosis was observed in subjects with a higher awareness of nutrition labeling compared with those who did not.
Kye et al. (2020) [28] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2013–2018 CS 16,619 M (49.5%) ≥19 Dyslipidemia High HDL-C and low TG levels were observed in subjects who correctly recognized their body image when they actively used nutrition labeling. Tailored intervention strategies considering individual body-size perception are required.
F (50.5%)
Han et al. (2018) [34] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2015 CS 2,931 M (43.7%) ≥30 IR Lower HOMA-IR scores were associated with the use of nutrition labeling. High levels of nutrition labeling awareness and utilization are required for T2DM management.
F (56.3%)
Joo et al. (2020) [32] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2016–2017 CS 487 M (56.3%) ≥30 Diabetes An association between renal function loss and food labeling unawareness was observed only in men with diabetes was observed. Nutrition education interventions are required to increase food labeling awareness in men with diabetes.
F (43.7%) An association between renal function loss and food labeling unawareness in socially isolated men with diabetes.
Kim and Lee (2020) [33] RISS KCHS 2018 CS 20,113 M (50.3%) 40–79 Diabetes The duration of diabetes did not affect the utilization of nutrition labeling. Education is required for diabetes management.
F (49.7%)
Lee et al. (2023) [29] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2016–2018 CS 1,587 M (47.7%) ≥30 Diabetes Subjects with diabetes had less than 50% utilization of nutrition labeling. People with diabetes need a strategy to manage a healthy diet by using nutrition labeling.
F (52.3%) A low proportion of nutrition labeling awareness, use, and effect on food selection was observed in subjects with diabetes aged over 65 years.
Jeong and Shon (2024) [31] RISS KNHANES 2019–2021 CS 1,422 M (48.9%) ≥30 Diabetes Proper food selection and dietary habits, as indicated by nutrition labeling, were associated with better blood glucose control in diabetic patients. Food policy is needed to increase the use of nutrition labeling among people with diabetes.
F (51.1%)
Lee et al. (2025) [30] RISS KNHANES 2019–2021 CS 2,284 M (48.9%) ≥19 Diabetes The prevalence of chronic kidney disease was lower among those who used nutrition labeling than among those who did not. Health education is required for diabetics to manage their diet using nutrition labeling.
F (51.1%)
Author (year) Database Data name Study type No. of subjects Sex of subjects Age of subjects (yr) NCDs Outcomes Implication
Yoo et al. (2019) [35] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2010–2016 CS 25,156 M (56.3%) ≥30 Cancer Increased HDL-C levels were observed among cancer survivors with nutrition labeling awareness compared with those without. Nutrition labeling promotion programs are required for cancer survivors.
F (43.7%)
Choi et al. (2023) [36] RISS KNHANES 2019–2021 CS 552 M (37%) ≥20 Cancer The more women, city dwellers, high-income people, and highly educated people there were, the more nutrition labeling was used. Education on nutrition labeling is required for people who experience cancer, and appropriate interventions are needed to ensure that the use of nutrition labeling continues for a long time, even after a cancer diagnosis.
F (63%) Subjects who checked nutrition labeling showed higher intakes of fat and dietary fiber and lower intakes of carbohydrates. This trend was significantly observed in cases of less than 5 years of cancer diagnosis, but not in cases of more than 5 years of cancer diagnosis.
Park et al. (2022) [37] RISS KNHANES 2015–2019 CS 18,129 M (41.4%) ≥40 Stroke Young, female, high-income, highly educated, and regular exercise subjects were more likely to be affected by nutrition labeling. This study suggests the association between nutrition labeling and stroke prevalence in men and older adults.
F (58.6%) The prevalence of stroke was higher in older, male, low-income, and low-educated subjects.
The prevalence of stroke was 0.388 times lower in men who recognized nutrition labeling than in men who did not recognize nutrition labeling.
The prevalence of stroke was 0.27 times lower among subjects aged 70 years or older who recognized nutrition labeling.
Kwon and Kim (2020) [38] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2013–2015 CS 13,505 M (40.6%) ≥19 Atopic dermatitis An association between awareness of nutrition labeling and the prevalence of atopic dermatitis was observed among women. Nutrition education, including nutrition labeling and diet, is required for women with atopic dermatitis.
F (59.4%)
Kim et al. (2022) [39] PubMed/ MEDLINE KNHANES 2008–2019 CS 32,080 M (71.1%) ≥20 CKD An association between awareness and use of nutrition labeling and decreased risk of CKD was observed. A strategy for people with CKD is required to manage a healthy diet by utilizing nutrition labeling.
F (28.9%) There is a strong inverse association between the use of nutrition labeling and the risk of CKD in the older subjects.
Table 1. Awareness and utilization of food labeling and nutrition information labeling for the prevention of NCDs (obesity and metabolic syndrome)

NCDs, non-communicable diseases; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CS, cross-sectional; M, male; F, female; KCHS, Korea Community Health Survey; MS, metabolic syndrome.

Table 2. Awareness and utilization of food labeling and nutrition information labeling for the prevention of NCDs (hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes)

NCDs, non-communicable diseases; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CS, cross-sectional; M, male; F, female; KCHS, Korea Community Health Survey; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; IR, insulin resistance; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 3. Awareness and utilization of food labeling and nutrition information labeling for the prevention of NCDs (cancer, stroke, atopic dermatitis, and CKD)

NCDs, non-communicable diseases; CKD, chronic kidney disease; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CS, cross-sectional; M, male; F, female; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

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