ABSTRACT
As an adjunct to cancer treatment, the use of health functional foods (HFFs) seems to be increasing. However, little is known for the use of HFFs among cancer patients in Korea. The aims of this study were to investigate the exposure rate of HFF use among gastrointestinal (GI) cancer patients and to examine the relationship of socio-demographic and disease-related characteristics with the use of HFFs. A total of 126 patients diagnosed with GI cancer participated in the study. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a questionnaire. Over a half of all the patients surveyed (n = 67; 53.2%) used HFFs. Patients who were younger, had higher income, or longer duration of disease showed a trend to use HFFs more frequently, even though the tendency was not statistically significant. The most commonly used HFF was vitamin complex (n = 20; 16%), followed by red ginseng (n = 15; 12%), and sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) (n = 11; 8.8%). About 26% of all responders expressed concerns for using HFFs. The primary concern was 'going against physician's recommendations' (36.8%). About 63% of respondents expressed a desire to consult with their physicians and follow their recommendations. More basic scientific data and educational materials regarding HFFs are required for both health-care professionals and cancer patients. A larger sample and size-controlled groups representing each cancer type will continue to be recruited for participation in this survey.
-
Keywords: Health functional food; Gastrointestinal cancer
Introduction
In the field of cancer treatment, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is used as an adjunct therapy to conventional medicine. Uses of CAM in cancer patients is aimed to relieve or prevent cancer-related symptoms [
1], to treat cancer itself (similar to chemotherapy and radiotherapy) [
2], and to impart a patient sense of active involvement in cancer treatment [
3]. Despite insufficient scientific evidence, the use of CAM is increasing worldwide, and up to 80% of cancer patients are reported to use it [
4]. In Korea, a multicenter study reported that more than 50% of cancer patients utilized CAM. In contrast with Western countries, dietary supplements, such as health functional foods (HFFs), are the most widely used among the various types of CAM in Korea [
5].
As interest in the use of the HFFs increase in cancer patients, safety concerns about these treatments are also increasing [
6]. Most individuals believe that HFFs are not harmful because they were made from natural materials [
7]. However, some HFFs have been reported to produce serious side effects, such as hepatic and renal failure, cause harmful interactions with prescription drugs, and reduce the efficacy of other drugs [
8,
9]. Particularly, in the case of natural foods not approved by the Korean Food and Drug Administration (KFDA), food safety might be problematic. Considering these potential problems, cancer patients should receive counsel from health care professionals regarding the use of HFFs, although most of them do not [
10,
11].
As an adjunct to cancer treatment, the use of HFFs seems to be increasing. However, little is known about the use of HFFs among cancer patients in Korea. It is essential to determine the exposure rate of HFFs and factors influencing preferences for HFFs used among cancer patients. The aims of this study were to investigate the exposure rate of HFFs used among gastrointestinal (GI) cancer patients and to examine any relationships between socio-demographics and disease-related characteristics with HFFs used.
Materials and Methods
Study design and subjects
This was a cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire distributed and collected by hospital personnel to GI cancer patients who visited the out-patient department or were admitted to Severance Hospital. All enrolled patients were followed-up at the Department of Gastroenterology, were greater than 20 years of age and had been radiologically or histologically diagnosed with GI cancer. Between November 4th, 2012 and November 24th, 2012, 126 patients (79 male, 47 female) were enrolled. The study protocol and questionnaire were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Severance Hospital, and written informed consent was obtained from each patient before enrollment.
Survey
Based on a previous study [
12], the contents of the questionnaire were prepared by a clinical dietitian and several medical doctors who collaborated on this study. The questionnaire included four questions on socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, educational status, average income per month), three questions on disease-related characteristics (site of cancer, date of diagnosis, and current cancer treatment), a number of questions related to HFF use (type of HFFs, duration of use, cost, route of obtainment, reason for use) and three questions on patient response to HFF use (recognizable changes after use, concerns related to HFFs, plan about further use). There was a list of HFFs that subjects could select. Participants were able to choose multiple items that they had used more than once since their cancer diagnosis. We referred to the KFDA website [
13] in order to compose the HFF list and also included some folk remedies which are known to be widely used in Korea. At the end of the list, there were free-text boxes for respondents to add any HFFs, or folk remedies which were not included in the pre-coded list.
Binary logistic regression and Chi-squared tests were used to analyze the socio-demographic and disease-related factors predicting HFF use. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. All data analyses were performed using SPSS (version 18.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Patient characteristics and HFF use
Table 1 shows participants' socio-demographic characteristics and disease-related characteristics. The majority of participants were male (n = 79; 62.7%) and between 61 and 70 years of age (n = 53; 42%). High school was the highest level of education of most respondents (n = 50; 42.7%). Thirty-four percent of patients earned between 1 and 3 million Korean won (KRW) per month, which accounted for the largest group of patients (34.2%). With regard to disease-related characteristics, pancreatobiliary cancer was the most common cancer among the enrolled patients (n = 72; 56.7%). Fifty-seven patients (45.2%) had been diagnosed for less than 6 months. Ninety-one patients (72.2%) were undergoing chemotherapy at the time of the survey, and 22 patients (17.5%) were undergoing radiotherapy.
Over half of all the patients (n = 67; 53.2%) used HFFs (
Table 1). The relationship between HFF use and participants' characteristics was analyzed, and it was shown that the same proportion of male and female participants used HFFs (n = 42; 53.2% vs. n = 25; 53.2%). None of the characteristics showed a statistically significant difference in HFF use on bivariate analysis. According to age, average monthly income, and length of time since diagnosis, patients who were younger, had a higher income or a longer duration of disease trended to use HFFs more frequently, but the difference was not statistically significant. Because of these results, none of the characteristics could be included in multivariate analysis. Therefore, it was not possible to calculate the multivariate odds ratio.
Every HFF used by participants at least once was included in the analysis and is shown in
Table 2. The most commonly used HFF was vitamin complex (n = 20; 16%), followed by red ginseng (n = 15; 12%), sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) (n = 11; 8.8%), vitamin C (n = 8; 6.4%) and chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) (n = 8; 6.4%), with sweet wormwood and chaga mushroom being natural foods and the others being dietary ingredients approved by the KFDA as dietary supplements.
Forty-four percent of patients who use HFFs obtained these materials as a gift (n = 30; 44.1%) (
Table 3). Other patients obtained HFFs from a health food store or grocery store (n = 20; 29.4%). The expectation of a synergistic effect in combination with conventional cancer therapy was the most common reason for using HFFs (n = 33; 40.7%), followed by recommendation from family members, friends, or other cancer patients (n = 23; 28.4%). In terms of recognizable change after use, 42.6% of patients thought nothing changed after using HFFs (n = 29). Seventeen patients (26.6%) expressed concerns about using HFF, as it was against their physician's recommendations (n = 7; 36.8%), and lack of scientific evidence about the efficacy and safety of HFFS was another concern of patients (n = 4; 21.1%). As to the question of further use of HFFs, 63.3% of patients planned to consult with their physician about the issue and follow their doctor's recommendation (n = 38), and 33.3% planned to continue to use HFFs (n = 20).
Discussion
Fifty-three percent of GI cancer patients enrolled in this study used HFFs at the time of the survey. This is a higher percentage than that in a report from Western countries (16.8%) [
14] but lower than data from a previous study conducted in Korea (78.1%) [
15]. There were no significant differences in the use of HFFs according to socio-demographic or disease-related factors. Even though it was not statistically significant, patients who were younger, had a higher income, or a longer duration of cancer tended to more commonly use HFFs. A previous study revealed that HFF users tend to be younger (less than 50 years of age), female patients with a higher socioeconomic status and a longer duration of disease [
14], whereas another study showed no differences between HFFs users and non-users according to patient characteristics [
15]. Several Korean studies have shown that younger cancer patients are more likely to use HFFs [
16-
18].
The most commonly used HFF was vitamin complex, followed by red ginseng and sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua). As in a previous study [
15,
19], frequently used HFFs in this survey could be categorized as 'Vitamins/Minerals' (i.e., vitamin complex, vitamin C and calcium) and 'Natural materials' (i.e., mushrooms, vegetables and herbs).
The pancreatobiliary cancer group seemed to use various types of HFFs listed in this study. However, there was no statistical evidence regarding which specific kinds of HFFs GI cancer patients choose according to their cancer site. In terms of the site of cancer, the pancreatobiliary cancer group comprised the majority of participants (56.7%), which is different from previously reported cancer studies in Korea [
20]. This may be the result of the short enrollment period and the relatively small sample size. As such, participants in this study are not representative of all cancer patients in Korea. Despite these limitations, this study still has some value as a preliminary study.
In terms of the reason for use of HFFs, the majority of participants expected some synergistic effect between their traditional cancer treatment and the use of HHFs or had started using HFFs based on a recommendation from family members or acquaintances. After using HFFs, 42.6% of users experienced no subjective changes, whereas 23.5% and 20.6% felt less anxious and less tired about their cancer. However, there is still little scientific evidence to support such claims. Approximately one-quarter of all responders worried about using HFFs. A major concern was 'going against physician's recommendations,' especially given that 63.3% of respondents wanted to consult with their physicians and follow their recommendations. However, health-care professionals tend to devalue HFF usage [
15], which leads to cancer patients rarely consulting with health-care professionals about the issue [
21]. Thus, openness and a flexible attitude toward HFFs and more interest in education about HFF use is needed for health-care professionals who work with cancer patients.
Overall, more than 50% of GI cancer patients reported having used HFFs, and the exposure rate to HFFs is anticipated to grow. Patients who were younger, had a higher income, or had a longer cancer duration tended to more commonly use HFFs. More basic scientific data and educational materials are required for both health-care professionals and cancer patients. A larger sample and size-controlled groups representing each cancer type will continue to be recruited for participation in this survey.
REFERENCES
- 1. Ali N, Hussain-Gambles M. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among South Asian patients with cancer in Britain. Divers Health Soc Care 2005;2:41-46.
- 2. Vickers KA, Jolly KB, Greenfield SM. Herbal medicine: women's views, knowledge and interaction with doctors: a qualitative study. BMC Complement Altern Med 2006;6:40.
- 3. Verhoef MJ, Hilsden RJ, O'Beirne M. Complementary therapies and cancer care: an overview. Patient Educ Couns 1999;38:93-100.
- 4. Cassileth BR, Deng G. Complementary and alternative therapies for cancer. Oncologist 2004;9:80-89.
- 5. Lee E, Shin YC, Lee J, Kim SD, Kim HJ, Jo MS. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in cancer patients at 7 general hospitals in Seoul. J Korean Public Health Assoc 2002;28:225-238.
- 6. Balneaves LG, Kristjanson LJ, Tataryn D. Beyond convention: describing complementary therapy use by women living with breast cancer. Patient Educ Couns 1999;38:143-153.
- 7. Cassileth B, Heitzer M, Gubili J. Integrative oncology: complementary therapies in cancer care. Cancer Chemother Rev 2008;3:204-211.
- 8. Frye RF, Fitzgerald SM, Lagattuta TF, Hruska MW, Egorin MJ. Effect of St John's wort on imatinib mesylate pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;76:323-329.
- 9. Cassileth B, Yeung KS, Gubili J. Herbs and other botanicals in cancer patient care. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2008;9:109-116.
- 10. Wang S. A research on the actual use of complementary and alternative therapies by cancer patients. 2007, Seoul: Kyung Hee University.
- 11. Moon HW. A study on the use of the complementary and alternative therapy in female cancer patients. Korean J Womens Health 2004;5:19-44.
- 12. Gratus C, Damery S, Wilson S, Warmington S, Routledge P, Grieve R, Steven N, Jones J, Greenfield S. The use of herbal medicines by people with cancer in the UK: a systematic review of the literature. QJM 2009;102:831-842.
- 13. Korea Food & Drug Administration. Health functional food categorized by raw materials. 2009. cited 2012 October 5. Available from http://www.foodnara.go.kr/hfoodi/
- 14. Damery S, Gratus C, Grieve R, Warmington S, Jones J, Routledge P, Greenfield S, Dowswell G, Sherriff J, Wilson S. The use of herbal medicines by people with cancer: a cross-sectional survey. Br J Cancer 2011;104:927-933.
- 15. Kim IK. The use of the functional foods in elderly patients with digestive system cancers. J Korean Gerontol Nurs 2010;12:51-61.
- 16. Song HW. Complementary alternative medicine use of the admitted cancer patients to a general hospital. Health Welf 2004;7:37-60.
- 17. Seol KL, Choi SY, Lee JI. A study on the use, understanding and satisfaction with alternative therapy for hospitalized cancer patients. J Korean Public Health Assoc 2002;28:198-211.
- 18. Kim MJ, Lee SD, Kim DR, Kong YH, Sohn WS, Ki SS, Kim J, Kim YC, Han CJ, Lee JO, Nam HS, Park YH, Kim CH, Yi KH, Lee YY, Jeong SH. Use of complementary and alternative medicine among Korean cancer patients. Korean J Intern Med 2004;19:250-256.
- 19. Qiao YL, Dawsey SM, Kamangar F, Fan JH, Abnet CC, Sun XD, Johnson LL, Gail MH, Dong ZW, Yu B, Mark SD, Taylor PR. Total and cancer mortality after supplementation with vitamins and minerals: follow-up of the Linxian General Population Nutrition Intervention Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101:507-518.
- 20. Ministry of Health & Welfare. Cancer facts & figures 2012 in the Republic of Korea. 2012, Seoul: Ministry of Health & Welfare.
- 21. Corner J, Harewood J, Maslin-Prothero S, Lewith G. A study of the use of complementary and alternative therapies among people undergoing cancer treatment: a quantitative and qualitative study. Department of Health NHS R&D programme. 2006, London: Department of Health.
Table 1Characteristics of the participants
Table 2Frequencies of use for specific HFFs and use by cancer type
Table 3Questions about HFF use and patient stance on their use
