Helicobacter pylori infection is the cause of 90% of non-cardia gastric cancer. Several dietary elements have been identified as possible contributors to H. pylori infection and its advancement through various pathways. Based on the anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effects of a diet low in omega-6 and high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), this study aimed to assess the ratio of dietary omega-6 to omega-3 PUFAs and the risk of developing H. pylori. The present case-control study was conducted on 150 cases with H. pylori infection and 302 controls. The omega-6 to omega-3 ratio was calculated using food intake information sourced from a validated food frequency questionnaire. Physical activity and demographic data were collected through a related questionnaire. The association between the odds of H. pylori infection and the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio was evaluated using logistic regression models. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The findings revealed that individuals in the third tertile had significantly higher odds of H. pylori (odds ratio [OR], 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30–3.40) in the crude model. Furthermore, even after adjusting the potential confounders including sex, age, body mass index, physical activity, energy intake, alcohol, and smoking status, this association remained significant (fully adjusted model: OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.17–3.34). Our study revealed a higher ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 was related to a higher likelihood of H. pylori infection. Therefore, it is advisable to maintain a balanced intake of PUFAs in the diet.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now at pandemic levels leading to considerable morbidity and mortality throughout the globe. Patients with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are mainly susceptible and more probably to get severe side effects when affected by this virus. The pathophysiologic mechanisms for these notions have not been completely known. The pro-inflammatory milieu observed in patients with metabolic disruption could lead to COVID-19-mediated host immune dysregulation, such as immune dysfunction, severe inflammation, microvascular dysfunction, and thrombosis. The present review expresses the current knowledge regarding the influence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and MetS on COVID-19 infection and severity, and their pathophysiological mechanisms.

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